Dharma Zen ancestors and cultural choices
Zen Zen, since the number , only the mysterious side attractive, because mystery means unlimited possibilities. This is probably the Zen to ancient times to now, after years without an important reason for failure.
Thought History of Contemporary Zen Liu Professor Tian Shengshan have the authority to ask questions:
carefully inspected to see, which is totally unthinkable, in the Zen Buddhist sects in probably the most difficult to popularize, but it can distribute the most popular appeal, what reason do? History of Chinese Buddhism not seen, in this century, Zen has been across the ocean, become a worldwide school of hot, not only scholars, elites, and the pawns trafficking husband, can come a little Zen.
However, what is Zen?
since Zen Buddhism in China, after overwhelmingly made the stage, especially Zen emerged in contemporary thought, people said that Zen Buddhism in general, no longer refers to three studies of Jieding Hui Zen meditation, nor is relative to the teachers of the history of Buddhism , lawyers, on the division, the Master of the Zen Master of the repair, but to Zen Buddhism, in particular, Hui Neng? z638-718? {created by Zen.
historical factors made the name of such a complex phase, bringing the number of trouble and confusion, as between them, linked to the great difference between small hh
Zen is {abbreviation. It is the first Buddhist religious practices, in order to achieve stability of the heart to inspire wisdom, Buddhist [three school]? z precepts, and wisdom? {sophisticated, meditation, wisdom? {'s nature, that the information given is to quit, to be issued Hui, other than in the, in the form of the ring determined to get inside, the actual state of Buddhahood? z Hui? {Department of heart in a environment that the Zen meditation are advised to Results Jiafu Zuo, adjusting the interest rate adjustment aligning the body, back view of the photo, the heart Cheng Zhi Jing, their effectiveness has may be; Erchan heart be born of joy; San Chan, calm emotions of joy, calm the mind while the spirit of the wonderful music; Sichan, forget the spirit of the wonderful music and obliterate natural quiet, as to state of Nirvana.
Therefore, on the methodology, meditation together, according to the Vatican set the name of Zen, also known as Samadhi, Samadhi; to physiognomy, the Zen and meditation, meditation can not be separated; to the results of efficacy, the Zen also known as Jing Lv, abandoned evil, merit the jungle, free; to state, the Zen meditation can be expressed in a different, more popular classification, such as the Zen world, the Buddhist world, a world distinction on the Zen, and if the walking meditation Yufu ? z heretics Zen Zen Bono? {, Theravada Buddhism? z Sichan eight-ten concepts of Zen given? {, Mahayana Buddhism? z as one third Zen concept of reality? {distinction.
sum up, the same as a Zen, from different angles and different levels, can have different understanding and a different name. It is this Zen Zen back in case the door? z as a sectarian, has been popular in China; and, even after the Chinese were popular gate Zen, Zen Buddhism factions also pursued by the Han, so the teachers of Chinese Buddhism in? z chanting expositor? {, counsel? z benevolent discipline who? {, on the division? z preaching by creationists? {, Master? z enforcement apparatus are proficient? {, the Special Master in the name, referring to those specializing in meditation. Based on such facts, Master Tai? z1877-1947? {that, compared to Southeast Asia, Tibet, Buddhism, Japan, China, the characteristics of Chinese Buddhism, in a word? z Zen? {!
In this context, we observe Zen Zen.
life case of Zen, but this not that Zen Buddhism has been ,? z no wisdom without meditation? {, meditation and wisdom, will and wisdom is almost inseparable, but the Zen after all, not wisdom, will be different from the final analysis, meditation and wisdom are external, physiognomy, and preparation; wisdom is inherent , nature, and purpose. This is the Buddhist push for that the set is of wisdom, that wisdom is the function, that is set at the time of Hui Hui, that the wisdom is in the set.? z Dunhuang The meditation made a new interpretation:
heart is nothing more than self-nature to quit, no mess from the heart of the set, no crazy heart of wisdom from. have enlightened self, do not stand Jieding Hui.
in the Famennian , where name meditation? the Dharma, everything without problems, all outside the realm can not afford to sit on the concept, see the nature of chaos as the Zen meditation called what? Zen said outside the off phase, given the chaos said.? z Dunhuang of. Along with this Dharma, Jogyesa subglottic letter? z information? {, the name of the phase of Buddhism, from the classics to the text, from the precepts to meditation, from the Buddha were all sent to the King Cho hh swing away, forming a lying, are in the temple, , but it is not classified as interest rate adjustment meditation, which emphasizes the inner enlightenment, in the natural and concrete life, experience the true meaning of Buddhism. So, Zen meditation, is not necessarily limited to the practice act, It is the practice , is attained; both fixed, but also wisdom. When the Zen Master are into the layers of class, but the General monk to say a Language!
, of course, the new Zen, but a long history of Chinese Buddhism the product development stage. It comes from Dharma Zen, as in the Huineng Zen Buddhism flourished in the South Caoxi. so-called near a small island of Sri Lanka is now the name, it can be popular in the South did permit Tianzhu Dharma Zen? {, and called Bodhidharma Zen as Southern Buddhism is hi sense to play, it is also known to teach at this ultra-Buddhist factions tendency? z, such as the Department of Wisdom cases and three of Zen metaphysics of the Tau? {as in the history of Zen is specific to mature and that is the Tang Dynasty ? z845? {, issued an edict? z waste Buddha Law? {, destroyed the temple, if blue, ordered monks and nuns to return to secular life, known to history? z Huichang method was not ?{.?{< br> Sheng in China alone, for the flag to Huineng , Jogyesa subglottic Hongzhou cases, the stone and its subsequent derivatives were kinds of legal case pick and sing assessment drink bar really interested on the Zen, it must first clear: you say : the same as meditation, where this huge difference in the sky, Why made?
Zen is Buddha Experience, is a comprehensive pro-specific knowledge pro card. language, even if Pitakas, only the abstract, he knows his local card is on the means rather than the moon itself, is to fall back on the first justice of the Line realm of the second sense plate. so true Buddha, but an absolute individual, not given, can not pass the enlightenment. this realm, language is unable to enter, always helpless. Buddha experience, a written down immediately to
say a thing like that is not in the. [, can not be said, non say you can not; Ken out, he drilled it on paper, donkey years to go! mass re-transmission, said that when the Zen master who can rise steeply in the cliff Chihiro Tazhun dance with ease, then the vast majority of those who later Xuechan, all of them locked Phi flail every step, you stick to drink, and looked at each other, God knows they are the deeds or dismal.
Zen can not be said that the history of Zen is to say.
since called Zen, called Zen, were not called to the dog days of these cases were cats, and history will be Zen on a relationship. refers to the month that does not mean months, which is certainly justified, but if not for all the moon, all of them to experience lunar life, and that through the That is the only way to know the month. Therefore, to find out the history of Zen, perhaps not the way around to understand what is Zen, then expect to grasp what is Zen.
the history of Zen, of course, can not equal learning Zen; to know the history of Zen, if not understanding, or do not understand Zen. But, in turn, do not understand the history of Zen, understanding and then high, and shall not understand Zen.
view of this, the year Hu? z1891-1962 ? {and Suzuki? z1870-1966? {argument Zen, a standing position on the History of Zen, a Zen experience standing position. finally each side, and can not communicate. two masters meet ordinary people, always calm, cultivation reached the limit; but if it is found have real opponents, is inevitably a little ambition, the old man will be guilty of confusing points.
However, the history of Zen is not to say.
greatest difficulty, from Zen's special position. Zen claims to be from the thorough, clever. so it must of course be denied to the product of historical development, deny that they are ordinary person from those who are not so clever Zen, Theravada Buddhism, Mahayana Buddhism in the womb, step by step evolution of evolved. < br> this purpose to promote the actual creators of Zen Buddhism in Tang and Five cases were they? z that Hui Neng the second, third disciple, the founder of Southern Zen who? {, false statements gain a lot of stories, will be attached to the founder of Zen Buddhism who earlier caused difficult to distinguish the authenticity of the history of the so-called distinction, not only usurped the story false, but also asked the name of books, words and deeds are more late-coming late to the incorporation into the true history? z such as the Zen Zen master who truly flourish? z as the original line of thinking green? z660-740? {, Nanyang Huizhong? z695-775? {, ranked Huineng disciples Nongjiachengzhen, from generation to generation, the real impact of Chinese culture, great role in the history of Zen in China and that is the authenticity of the mix, the pseudo-true hybrid. dharma ancestors of a reed cross the river, facing the wall of nine stories; the Sixth Patriarch Hui Neng was the heart of wisdom for the verse does not know that these ancestors had hh Zen monks in South remodeling gilded, their every move, filling the purposes and spirit of Southern Buddhism to express the experience and wisdom of the Southern Buddhism. And the truth of history is often disguised, or even annihilation.
highlighted the need; We've got the so-called is false. However, from the whole of Chinese history, Chinese culture from the perspective of the formation makes it ignore the fact that, more importantly, their behavior is influenced history, truly historic! in the narrow history of Buddhism, Zen sense of the history of is Typical Zen deeper soul than the ? because our aim is to produce by Zen, the understanding of growth and development process in order to glimpse the target Zen, Zen approach hh Therefore, the first step of the work, will have to attempt to distinguish between The footprints of history.
However, there are some who claim to write their own explained to always be secondary. Thus, the value of historical works is not in the past to restore a micromanager, but rather on the process and what changes to make sure and explain.
only unable to recognize the historical works of history Restore the limitations of what can be perceived sense of its past and its interpretation of the function of records in order to find the best angle and level of hh each angle and the level of historical writing, is absolutely different. We do not attempt to the best angle, the best level, how to find? how to justify? ancient Zen way of thinking will give us great insight: they like most to ask, is the ? Zen to what countries for hegemony in the era of thinkers that created the most basic point is that the true colors of the same thinkers can simply ancient Chinese culture from the inside to see.
primitive Buddhism and Indian situation is different, the root of Buddhism In the ancient Indian culture. No matter how people explain Buddhism, its origins are always simply go to the house of ancient Indian culture.
Zen is another case of the various sects of Chinese Buddhism, but to enter the Indian Buddhist culture Chinese culture created a variation of an individual, cultural sub-species, which are Indian and Chinese cultures interacting with each other, the result of choice, is the result of Buddhism in China, is China's Buddhism. relative to all other sects, Zen can be said it was most typically developed, launched the most adequate paradigm, therefore, the root of Zen culture in India and China, respectively, culture, Zen's choice theory.
the overall schema of the world or background point of view, the edge of contact with different cultures is ever-present in the affirmative. With advanced technology and transportation, contact with the edge of this increasingly be broken More and more contact points, surface more widely, becoming more deeply, but only under special historical conditions, with a special opportunity and carrier in order to form large-scale, targeted the cultural movement? z typical example is the revolution, war and population migration? {, therefore, active or passive, peaceful or bloody, and cultural interchange took place. In the geographical point of view, the intersection of the two parties for the foreign culture, one for the native culture. Then, if native culture does have some internal needs, prompting it to find inspiration outside to culture, nutrition, and even the resources and power, and cultural choice would have happened. necessary to the performance of this culture and history of the topic for the Times; at different levels and different groups people in, there is a different understanding and consciousness; this way, all the people, the overall cultural choice, presented in different levels of running, with a variety of different purposes, the specific sport; history to show the native culture by foreign cultures Select the focus, level and depth. cultural selection process, the performance of native culture as a catalyst, moisture, the foreign culture of a local, one level, the evolved different cultural paradigm, sub-species to; longer native culture is constantly compared out to test the paradigm embodied subspecies of understanding and consciousness, whether on the cultural needs, age and history of the subject to grasp how much; After continuous shocks, adjust the focus and level of choice, and finally a one or several sub-species can respond to the subject of the times, to gradually shape, development and integration. because of cultural change itself is not a living, constant action of living organisms, so the key issue of all of the above branded concept, category, are has its own process and the laws of motion, and all of them, but also constitutes an endless historical picture.
evident in modern China, the margin of the powers of the gunboats, clever device technology the United States, Western culture into China . by the military and the political and economic system in which the artifacts and ideas, Fuguoqiangbing dream of several generations of Chinese people to fight for life! If the can not meet the historical process of cultural selection did not able to put into practice, then in the Western Countries, modern Confucianism, Westernization, Chinese-style communism, a single ownership, planned economy and the commodity economy is a combination of hh different levels were different center of gravity of them all is a cultural choice patterns of Western culture and Chinese culture meet one generated after the paradigm, sub-species. A half-century, though constantly reinvent Shaojia change, but in essence, is as a dozen a model, a camel in the modern history of China lantern stage debut, to be tested. sometimes violent storms, of large-scale cooperation, sometimes gentle and mild, subtle; presented in front of us is in progress to date selection of magnificent cultural history of the scene. < br> For the history of cultural convergence has occurred and cultural choice, if you want to explain the processes and mechanisms, then, cultural selection theory is never satisfied with the specific cultural patterns of the the characteristics of school? {, but to the intersection of two cultures and the analysis of mutual selection, description, explain the specific pattern of its production, its development, its characteristics, the nature of a cultural model hh finally recognized by the native culture , digestion, absorption, and the reason is not that the model relative to the mother culture in terms of more genetic variability, or more; not in its form, quality material, spirit, soul, the number of hh in the end from the original culture, and how much from the outside culture; the most fundamental reason for the final analysis, depends on the model in what sense and to what extent can meet the needs of the times, to respond to the subject of history.
needs of the times and understanding of foreign culture [of the focus and perspective ] and transformation [of the objectives and methods] relations; historical and cultural patterns of specific feedback, model testing and self-adjustment, but the essence of cultural selection theory, but also cultural selection theory and the difference between the general historical research.
children must stop his wife, Kum-fat Hu Fu's Buddhism, in the reason is that the ancient Chinese mainstream culture of non-religious. and decided to Buddhism into China after the gesture, situation and development of the law, but also mainstream Chinese culture, non-religious character and nature. the so-called ancient Chinese mainstream culture, secular means the political life of ancient China of human relations, and hence the decision of the Chinese people strictly rational spirit of practical and realistic attitude towards life. its primary content, that is, non-religious nature of Confucianism. undeniable fact that Confucianism in China dominant culture, if Confucianism is a religion, then it is absolutely ancient Chinese culture is a highly religious oriented.
This is indeed a controversial issue, but the controversy lies the key not only to determine the understanding to grasp the object of Confucianism , it is understood that the standard of judging what is religion?
no more mysterious than the more complex religious existence. It is a concept system [doctrine of divinity], is a behavioral system [rituals, sacrifices ]; both a moral and legal norms [commandments, taboos], but also a material entity [idol, temple]; both individual believers, but also a special community organizations; both immature human spirit and life of the world's false, reverse , superstition, the cognitive, but also embodies the human spirit of people than things that solemn, sacred, the eternal pursuit of hh beyond the different positions, from different angles, leaving a lot of the previous definition of religion. However, sophisticated and accurate definition of religion can not just be satisfied with an abstract view of the existence of religion, norms and grasp; but any angle, any form of religion, level for everyone, the only way that can only be described as religious grasp the essence. In particular, religion and general beliefs, the general philosophical idealism, superstition and fairy tale mythology in general, there should be essentially different.
above, is a sacred religious beliefs, it is both superstitious and the dual nature of sanctification, the performance of the concept of God theory of the behavior of the system the fact that under the guidance system.
superstition is not necessarily religious, religion, it certainly superstition. religion and general beliefs, the general philosophy of idealism and common superstition [in addition to other spirits, money, goods, authority, books and even science can be a power of alienation, of the blind obedience, I call the general superstition.] difference is that the object of religious worship to take the form of God. is the essence of religious superstition take the form of God, the object of alienation. Note: Here the highest level of non-personal God.
in any specific religion, special form of God, God, God, Allah, Buddha hh is always in supreme position. It is the object of worship is the doctrine of the center and ultimate basis of religious rituals and taboos of the basis and purpose is the religious feelings of the source and destination of hh are religious in all, are to God as a starting point to God as the basis and refers to the return, subject to God, who created God, but loss of self that is the essence of God, that is the essence of religious superstition. However, the only superstition is not the essence of religion.
when we say that the nature of religious superstition, means the world and its false life upside down contemplation, but that does not mean that we also deny the existence of the religion and rationality, negation of religion as a faith, a positive view of the world value. religion, of course, reflect the emergence and existence of the human immature or stupid, but it At the same time direct and profound reflection of the human world and the life of the root element of exploration. reflected in the human pursuit of religion, is the highest pursuit of human wisdom of God and man, body and soul, life and death, this side and the other side of heaven and earth, beauty and ugliness, good and evil hh metaphysical, moral, aesthetic, no matter what the value of hh, the religion think, are the fundamental issues of life and the universe, the ultimate concern [This is the general philosophy of religion fairy tale of idealism and a profound difference between the myth.] pursuit of the sacred, sacred objects of worship, the other side of the sacred world of sacred rites, sacred atmosphere, the psychological feelings of the sacred, the holy man [God] just as superstitious nature of international relations hh Like, holy nature of all religions also been a strong and prominent form of expression. Therefore, we will not because the people under specific historical limitations of the finite answer [superstition] denied the pursuit of human thought and infinite [sanctification] . sacred and holy pursuit of the theme, making the essential characteristics of the superstition of religion, but also have the essential characteristics of sanctification.
superstition and sanctification, naturally unified in religion; religion have become the religion, superstition, and St. of the essential characteristics of indispensable. they are so deep and harmonious unity of the highest in the religious world dominated by God's body. performance of a specific form of religion but to God as the center of a large system expansion is a God The theoretical concept of the fact that the system behavior under the guidance system. Here, the fact that the system is subject to the concept of behavioral systems theory, and theory of the system and this concept must be is this to whether in its . in the Confucian system of thought, energy and superstitious holy number of God put up, if the God-based, it is Confucius [551 - 479]; if the law-based, there destiny. However, Confucianism has never been Confucius or not commenced its destiny as the central theoretical system.
Confucianism is specific and should not be an abstract discussion. in Chinese history, Confucianism had [we call the hole Confucianism], Confucian, and Song .
hole made Confucianism, Chinese culture is the product of tough times, hence the chaos of the age-specific characteristics. coupled with the causes of insufficient documentation, authentic Confucian system of thought in the end what is, no one has seen; posterity Confucius Quotations can only be based on existing, according to their own understanding to build a system of Confucian thought, so that the face bore more fuzzy variable Confucianism. but people say , who would not say bore the sacred cult of Confucianism is Confucius or Fatality at the center. pre-Qin Confucian literature, whether it is recorded in the Confucian wisdom, gracious, great height and strength of Confucius, or Taoism and recorded in various home The habitat habitat panic, knowing they are impossible, sour Confucius, are personal and not a god. As for destiny, and Confucius, of course, believe that [But he has not in superstitious attitude deified it. He destiny understanding tend to the natural, realistic side of [doubtful attitude [Confucianism is a religion, not the conclusions of holes.
Confucian political theory developed in the Confucian and to the peak of the hands of the state. chaos one of the Confucian thought to the situation of the Han Dynasty was Kaleidoscopic: politics and ethics are prominent, and its common core is the hierarchy and the system. Jun-Jun, Chen Chen, Father Father, Son Son, political and ethical high degree of unity, Confucian thus expand its theoretical system, Dong [former 176 - before 104] so, Jia Yi [ ,],[It forms as the relationship between the number of directly dependent on political theory, concepts and systems for the level of the core services. the hierarchy and the system as the core and start his own theory is the fundamental characteristic of Confucian, this is Han Domination Confucianism secret, and also the Han Chinese to leave such a significant impact on the history of the fundamental reasons. Confucian ideas on the political level of the network and the role of points in Confucian hand has been completed; and Confucianism in China in the future there are, without exception, had inherited, and no more than on it. Confucian thought is properly implemented, start to really get in Chinese culture, Chinese history and Chinese people's cultural and psychological structure of the absolute superiority, from Confucian start there, and is based on human relations as the way the political. With this process, the status of Confucius rising from the Han Dynasty, add in the crown of his head is also increasingly prominent. However, from the emperors was presented to the appellation of Confucius , China is indeed the eyes of Confucius is still the political rather than religious, human relations, is the supreme the ontological nature of the universe and life full unity of theoretical system, and skillfully Confucian political Human Relationships weaving them to finally realize the Confucianism in Chinese culture, both refined and popular tastes and all levels of the dominance of cultural style. Although Song of this achievement has been invoked to teach Buddhism and the idea of two outcomes, but this quoted strictly carried out in the field of philosophy. to the specific form is concerned, from Zhou [1017-1073], Shao [1011-1077] Zhang Zai [1020-1077] to the Neo-Lu-Wang, the main reason they are the main gas, the main heart of the Lord I, Promise Tai Chi, but absolutely no place for superstition and divine leader, or destiny. in the Outside essential characteristics and the more consciously ...
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