Overview of Chinese Painting and Calligraphy Discrimination (middle)

 Included :2007-09-12 15:41:52 Nanjing Museum
Discrimination Overview Chinese painting (in)
2. Distinguishing the basic method of painting
so-called by the spurious history. Its main targets are those with the seal of the name of, or work. It infers from certain no money to print works of the era and even the , but there are fake title, Postscripts, that is called a home to make, is also recognition of such a sham, or the alleged signature of consistency, worthy of the name is genuine, or is counterfeit. This requires the detection of forgeries were reflected in works of both the understanding of all the facts, they know all the facts about the author. This understanding of the more comprehensive and profound, the higher the level of detection of forgeries. Discrimination is the basis of all these principles that, while the most basic method to the following several.
(1) features based on the style of calligraphy and painting works to identify the authenticity
style characteristics of the formation of a specific painting methods, tools, materials, ideas and culture, with no sight and other related arts, it is mainly in pen and ink techniques, images and fonts, composition and organization of writing, charm atmosphere, etc., and specific identification of the from the era of the personality similarities and proceed.
ink painting and calligraphy is the most basic form of expression, and therefore the primary basis for identifying the authenticity. ink techniques in history has gone through a process of constant development, although it thick, thin, square, round, dry, wet, thick, pale and so infinite changes, but will always be formed in every age some of the basic features. the so-called Six Dynasties painting, painting of Tang, Song painting, Yuan paintings, Ming and Qing Dynasties painting, etc., have their clearly identifiable characteristics of the times. If Six painting lines, rounded Jin Jian, such as silkworms spinning, if a picture has obvious frustrated and straight off, and even the phenomenon of thick pen hastily, then Six people will never be out of the hands. painting the painting rocks, of course, will no doubt false. In addition, different painting tools and materials also formed a special ink form. to calligraphy, for example, when the Jin and Tang Dynasties and more with a less hard and determined to ink pen, so there Dayton pen strokes split ends and straight out at the thief mm phenomenon. Song began with a soft middle and cents, or Yang Hao mood pen, the formation of full round of stroke. to the Qing Dynasty and became popular after the mid-soft pure Yang Hao pen. to painting, Qing-wen, Guangxu ago, mostly with the mouse to be painting landscapes, Langhao so hard brush, just halo shading when used Yang Hao, who have all since the late Qing landscape painting by Yang Hao, the emergence of a relatively soft line fat . If the previous generations have the work appear in the ink form, then there is the possibility of forgeries. from the painter personally write each way to the painter, painting habit, brush the Chisu weight, turning Bifeng changes in wet and dry ink in different shades, are the ink to form its unique character and shape. Although many painter's brush, in its different periods of change, but there is always some connection meantime, there are always some development context to be found. Therefore, when we understand the characteristics of an ink painting of the house will be able to recognize the changed basic aspects of their works. If signed by an author's work and our understanding of the very different, and its authenticity is very questionable . In fact, the works on the fake is the most difficult to imitate those things, a painter gradually in the long term operating characteristics of the formation of another person to fully grasp in the short term and not bad to re-trace it, it is not Great potential. particularly put some of the more vertical, strong character strokes, deliberately copying, inevitably rigid imitation of the effect, it is hard Similarly, and easy to fake who Benxiang exposed. Thus, ink can often be Distinguishing the decisive factor when.
body image and shape, and potential authenticity of identification has an important role. from the characteristics of the times look, Six figure are like Eye; Li Shida painting figures, more than a round ball like; Wu Li Chang Cheng interjection draw down the mountain-shaped tree; Wu Bin painting mountains, wore lofty air. If the situation is abnormal, it should be a question. calligraphic font and there are times body potential and personal characteristics. appraiser Ink will be handed down to Wang dual characteristics of the individual made.
style of composition and characteristics of the wafer can not be ignored. Song Ma Yuan and Xia Gui, who learn to use the In the Northern Song Dynasty landscape painting in the Ming and Qing Ge counted just like the body tricks of cloth can not be found in Song's calligraphic works (Beiban, except Epitaph). It should also be mentioned that, the Pro, also a fake copy of the painting often in between the lines and images echo each other on the showing surprising flaws.
the so-called times, but also of personality. Some clever imitation of a fake family in the form of calligraphy and paintings feature lifelike levels can be achieved, but it can never be copied out of other people's inner spirit. such as Shi Tao Chang pastiche paintings , in the art form is indeed difficult to see the problem, but the inner spirit of free Shi Tao, for the only basis for such imitation to identify the flavor. Of course, to be able to feel the charm of the work is not a short span of breath, Discrimination must have a high degree of cultivation and the accumulation of long-term practice to achieve this state, so for beginners, it is more difficult.
(2) based on the specific content of calligraphy and painting works to identify the authenticity of the text
and calligraphy painting the images shape is an important basis for identifying the authenticity. Any calligraphy and paintings are in a specific historical period of painting and calligraphy works of art, and thus the total number of historical and reflect the fact that the author himself. Many of the ancient painting and calligraphy and are often writers and scholars, they have a high degree of cultural literacy is a fake who generally unmatched, even some senior fake, is also a result of historical development and social and cultural conditions change can not be specific to a previous experience, and thus forge the original author who can not often make some mistakes. Based on this, we can use research methods to judge whether something works and the times of the actual situation of my line, and thus to determine its authenticity.
calligraphy from the taboo, the words and the specific content areas to be verified. so-called rewritten. This is a unique historical phenomenon in ancient, it is from the Zhou Dynasty, Qin and Han dynasties, the system is getting more complete, more and more strict taboo forbidden. shy types are taboo number, such as Empress posthumous name. empty words, lack of pen of three. old, guilty of taboo is a According to the book can be made to determine the time. such as , so be sure it is the Southern Song Dynasty's fake book. Of course, there are a few exceptions, such as some copy of this to avoid the previous generation of the taboo and not to avoid the contemporary of the taboo, there are some apparently authentic, but should avoid accidentally forgot to avoid the, It should be noted. the author works in a perverse unreasonable should not have typos and grammar is also easy to fake out those flaws. Cuoe fake word in the copy number is wrong when nobody knows when the stroke or before the human fabrications Italy caused. This accidental slip of the pen was utterly other. If the public power of Liu handed down, ; first child Works details are often able to find fake evidence. We can see from the text in the expression of thoughts and feelings, involving laws and institutions, customs habits and even the written format, wording and phrasing, address forms and other aspects, examine whether a particular historical opposite of the truth, if one claims to have written the previous works of poetry descendants, or the future generations the story, that he will no doubt the false.
the authenticity of paintings from the buildings, clothing, furniture, household utensils, such as the shape on the transport to be verified. Historically, the types of objects have a development process of evolution, which has a distinctive characteristic of the times. future generations can certainly describe the things the previous generation, but the former people may not have something to draw later. If there is a problem in the Chinese paintings were painted models using rattan bamboo wrapped round and a few high bar, and a rectangle with a waist high table, it can be asserted This must be after the Song of Song or people pretending to be. If there is a picture wearing a red top flower Ling's character, then no matter how old the paper and silk, can never be cleared before the people out of the hands.
(3) models based on the author's title, the seal of the name to distinguish the authenticity of
paragraph, inscriptions and seals are to identify the authenticity of an important aspect of painting and calligraphy. In general, calligraphy and painting more difficult to fake than, many fakes on the often exposed at the section title himself away, so many models to identify homemade identified by looking at paintings as a shortcut to detection of forgeries. See section title and look like the works of calligraphy, but also the main basis to identify characteristics of the style. In addition, some conjecture may be used as pseudo- research methods to identify the above. For example, in time, age, location, office, family, friends and events, etc., of the general I can not go wrong, but later were fake but prone to error. there is a transfer made for the gold farmers Wan Yu-map
Yangzhou, is between close friends, how could still send picture in demand after the death of Wang reward it? paragraph format is also the theme of a certain era and personal habits, it can thus identify. As said in paragraph ; so and so is my dear friend Ya Chang, time limit is quite clear. As Tim paragraph, change money, etc., can also be based on paper and silk wounds, old and new ink, the ink of the ups and downs so to identify.
seal the certificate is to win the trust of people, in general, calligraphy and painting in with the seal of his work that indeed, the attitude is solemn. the history of painting and calligraphy, many in a very long time, even life, are relatively fixed number of parties with India. And speaking from the seal itself, but also more more difficult to fake painting, before the invention of the photographic plate, to be carved through the turn method was no less counterfeit seal is extremely difficult, even with the photographic plate approach, careful identification also can still see some flaws. can be seen, according to to determine the authenticity of the seal of authenticity of the work is very credible. Therefore, the identification of old homes, especially in late Qing Dynasty who will stamp collectors as the main basis for the identification of painting, such as the huge seal element attached great importance to economic and advocate painted piece by piece, to be checked by Indian side. Differential seal check method can be used in addition, but also according to their times. as seal, Tang, Song and Yuan Xiao Zhuan people like to use the Ming and Qing seals are mostly from the Qin and Han text ; printed form, is generally square, rectangular, round, oval, gourd-shaped, etc., Song, Ming and Ding Shihai occasional bell-shaped; print quality, Tang, Song, Yuan, mostly copper, teeth, jade, etc., per Since the beginning of the end of the early Ming Dynasty stone chapter; printed color, Tang and Five Dynasties and more with honey or watermark printing, Song appeared in mimeographed, to the Southern Song Dynasty, an increasing in the watermark mimeograph, the Yuan Dynasty after the full use of mimeographed. If there is one yuan were paintings, but blade with the Anhui faction of lithography, then Great question.
section title of course, the seal also has its limitations. as some painting and India are numerous and chaotic household, could not check. Some painter died, others He left the seal cap to make up false, and some painting at home for various reasons, for or on behalf of imitation in the works of his own name on the title section, stamped with his seal. In addition, there are people with money transfer, splicing, the use of real paper money of more than fake fake painting techniques and so on. then there shall be printed and painted false true situation. Therefore, we shall not all that India can not but believe money printed, but should be printed as a section an important auxiliary basis, combined with the painting itself is investigated, the only way to make the right judgments.
(4) according to others, and the collection and identification of Indian inscriptions identify the authenticity of the inscriptions is
of others at the same time or descendants of the increase in work or work problems before and after the poetry inscriptions, title, lead the first, concept models and so on. It includes the works of the commentary on the content author or work, identify the authenticity and age to explain the creative process and collections relations, recorded viewing time and so on. Such inscriptions on the painting to identify the authenticity of a role there, so old antique industry practice known as methods and identification of calligraphic works and the same shall issue. If inscriptions is true, it should look at whether there is shift the prior paragraph, splicing, etc., in excluding real question, after the painting a fake false questions can be based on knowledgeable of the separate treatment of different situations. while most of the inscriptions is often an important basis for identification. such as the Northern Song Li Gonglin's , but also with Lee as a friend, so you can confirm that this map is authentic Li Gong scales. The inscriptions of the value of future generations should be depending on their level of identification and attitude is serious and responsible and determined. Some eye is high, serious attitude of art, connoisseurs, such as Wen Zheng, etc., have made comments and identification of high reliability. In general, the previous generation of people close to the ancient, certainly more people today see as much, so Although they can not believe everything discussed, but the total is still a certain reference value, at least prove that work was created previously in the inscriptions. If the question is false consciousness, then to leave the exclusion of a small number of genuine problems with the case After generally can be identified, painting itself is pretending to be the. past fake paintings in the forgery, are often forged celebrity inscriptions as connoisseurs, collectors or collections in their watch over the calligraphy and paintings on the seal ring. old people's attitude in the use of collection and identification of printing is generally serious, so we can identify the authenticity of it as a basis. Connoisseur India can be divided into two categories. One is the collection within the Indian government, such as Don the and so on, the Southern Song Dynasty as ;, curios ; so, Yuan Shun, who favored a ;, Yue students s Wei-Ming, Xiang Yuan Bian, Wang Shi-zhen, Liang Ch'ing-piao, An Qi, Sun Chengze, Cao Rong identified and collectors have a lot of other famous Indian Connoisseur. In general, there are well-known within the government and identified and collectors mark on history mostly fine. Several of them identified and collectors such as Liang Ch'ing-piao, security and other discrimination, vision is particularly high, they are overshadowed by the works of India, mostly authentic. Moreover, the collection and identification of India is also spread through identification with the work, a Diego through collections, circulation, works and has a thread I do not know the whole story, not the works of famous Connoisseur compared to the credibility of the former is certainly much higher. Of course, Connoisseur also often pretending to be printed, especially some well-known collectors, If item Yuan Bian, the In addition, a work printed on if the are all false, then it itself can not be realized. differential collection and identification methods and identification of printed substantially the same seal. As the bell collection and identification of the location printed more than a certain standard, and the fake are often due to ignorance The bell was wrong, this undoubtedly Distinguishing our work provides a multiplier of the , appears in the section title and seal of the problem, the same can appear in the title printed on the knowledge and the collection and identification, so we can be more important as an adjunct to use.
(5) based on paper, silk painting materials, such as calligraphy and painting to identify the authenticity of
main materials are paper and silk, and the use of paper and silk production process and its development and personal preferences about painting the house, which it inevitably has some Character and personality traits, it is also identified paper and silk paintings under Discrimination. can be neglected aspect.
paper the situation is more complicated. in terms of its material, Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties mostly with hemp paper, gradually after the Northern Song Dynasty less use, Yuan after the user is more unique. to bark paper by the system, some appeared in the Sui, Tang, Song from the beginning of the extensive use of calligraphy, then increasingly popular. Paper about bamboo material begins Song, after the Song is also quite popular. paper size, how straight when Jin is about 25 cm high, Tang and Five Dynasties gradually to 29 cm high, to more high-Song to between 30-45 cm, while also significantly increase Long, such as Huizong cursive There are two patterns of bamboo stripes and silk, bamboo stripe thickness of each generation to another, probably before the coarse Tang, Song is smaller. common since the Ming Dynasty and a The. Ming and Qing dynasties, there are brushes with mica, alum water very familiar paper. birth certificate before asking for the Yuan and Ming, Ming Zheng, Jia Jing after the rise due to ink big draw freehand, then became popular, to the late Qing Dynasty, calligraphy and painting are all competing with students of paper. calligraphers have different personal preferences and habits, such as Song Mi Fu like to use a yellow paper, Ming Shen Zhou, Wen Zheng used a white tissue paper, Qing Liu Tong, beam with wax paper and many other books.
silk and weaving the material means little change history, only the more obvious changes in width, such as the Song to the sun and of large and not more than 60 cm wide publicity, and after getting there to 80 cm or more, to the Southern Song Dynasty more than a meter in the middle. Ming has been research of light silk, Qing Xianfeng, wen it has been common to painting.
In addition, Ling has also been used as painting materials. If Tang, Song of the Patent Chile useful to spend writing. Song Huang Ting widely popular, becoming rare after the mid-Qing Emperor Kangxi, Qing and was popular.
from paper, silk, damask the application point of view, ancient calligraphic works more than paper with silk, damask; paintings, mostly before the Yuan Dynasty with silk, and even cooked and partially cooked with the paper, Yuan Dynasty, more than with the silk paper gradually.
based on paper and silk paintings authenticity of the old and new methods to identify the last use was quite extensive, but in fact there are major limitations, because the ancient paper and silk have retained to future generations, the fake can use it to create fake painting, silk paper, so alone is to be taken under the judge's. However, the development of clear paper and silk is still very important, Although the previous generation descendants of paper and silk can be used, but it was not possible with previous generations of paper and silk, so that at least can identify with the descendants of those who forged the previous paper and silk paintings. and fake silk in ancient paper has flaws to be found, In general, more difficult to eat the old paper and silk ink for ink often floating rather than new sink, but really old for the ink and color, is more of a very deep penetration.
, of course, even with the new fake paper and silk were also many will its so old, so do Discrimination must distinguish between the old and the original will be old. learning to use the old methods are mainly to do to dirty water or ocher, Garcinia and other pigments to dye, to smoke smoked and so on. According to Zhao Ruzhen made of ash more than old mice, wheat yellow bicolor, the former is the old wallpaper with a fake Canadian alkaline cook, and then dried in the sun, which is stained with brown sugar water to Garcinia, and then wipe the ash. However, the dye visibility is sometimes the old water damage marks, even if the dye was uniform, but also due to the formation of non-natural aging Old pack slurry, such as the new color appears, it must be carefully inspected to identify will not go wrong.
(6) based on style and decor pieces to identify the authenticity of the pieces of calligraphy and paintings
style and decor also has its times. < br> There are painting-spoke volumes, axes, hanging scrolls, album, fan, folding fan, couplets, etc.. it is also called when an increasing volume of high volume low, mostly less than 30 cm of its height. Ming books after the mid-axis increased gradually. even ten or more, but also the occasional two. small painting commonly known as According to records, Tang, Five Dynasties have this style. Ming and Qing Dynasty more than the cost of album is the first painting made after mounting. more especially in the Southern Song Dynasty. Ming Dynasty to the Qing dynasty, asked almost disappeared, and Xianfeng to dynasty and was once popular among. After Qianlong became popular, are all calligraphy, but a small number of the Qing Dynasty are also So do not look determined to be forgeries can.
decoration sometimes as powerful evidence Discrimination. for mounting the damask, brocade, the generation of pattern, color and more different, but the style of mounting is also much different from, and if apparent anomaly, it should be a question.
(7) based literature to identify the authenticity of
in identifying the process of painting, the works of calligraphy and painting and calligraphy but also documented a high reference value, sometimes is a very important basis. and the painting of the ancient literature, most closely cataloging books in general are painting, calligraphy and painting biography, and my art and friends of the poems, notes and account of painting and other miscellaneous recorded.
painting a record can be divided into three categories. one for the record collection of the government, such as the Song . the book of records related to calligraphy and painting the subject matter, content, name, form, texture, size, decoration, and the section of the Indian, descendants of various Indian inscriptions and the Connoisseur, and spread through and Chaigai, changes situation, and some comments and expert opinion as well. These records verify the authenticity of our very useful, and thus in the identification of a piece of calligraphy and paintings, it should be recorded by these forward as possible to figure out works related with the all cases, compare this with the physical, often able to help us make more accurate judgments. On the other hand, because the ancient masters, especially the works of great artists are specially trained in the previous collection and identification and description, if the sudden appearance of a known as the Han and the Tang and Song masters of the work (other than excavations), and various types of bibliographic records, he also is not wide, it is pretending to be ten to.
painter biography and poetry collection, notes are often retained a lot about painting home birth and death years, life story, achievements, friends contacts, work creation and spread of such valuable information, which is our research of the important basis. as handed down in the Northern Song Wang Xian , shall know himself as the The Ming SHEN Fu's Using records to verify the characteristics of its artistic style and ink.
paintings and works of history to understand the general content and major release, available Shao Yu Song, the more important works have been included, including. Of course, for various reasons documented many Cuoe, which we should be in the use of attention.
(8) Distinguishing the integrated use of methods
Discrimination in the above methods, based on the art of painting itself is the main form and specific content, and the rest is secondary. However, for a specific work, Discrimination in the clear relationship between these primary and secondary premise, but also a good grip on a variety of methods, and the flexibility to use. ancient painting the situation is complex, the way the fake who is full of wonders, some, only the use of various methods to verify from all angles, and then link comprehensive study in order to obtain more accurate conclusions. In most cases, the identification of a work should first see their age and personal characteristics of the specific content of the style, then look at the section of the title and seal, and then followed by verification descendants of the various inscriptions, Connoisseur and paper printed silk, pieces of type, decoration, literature and so on. However, in some cases, such as the identification of the only works of a painter, as a result can not be confirmed by comparison to other works his personal style, it should be from the style of the times, literature and other aspects, then complemented by other means. identification of a piece of non-print works section, if there was one of the pieces of inscriptions, it becomes very important basis.
general, all authentic, no matter from which side validation should not appear absurd paradox. a work of art style and if its specific content, no problems, then the subsection title, seals and other circumstantial evidence also should not be inferior perverse. glance if a good piece of work, but there are fake money printed on a sign, it should be aware of those practices is clever fake, pen and ink techniques, etc. in the very lifelike imitation deceive us, So for further work to be on the look fine. in improving the awareness of the look down, and then cleverly pretending to be and there will always reveal some of himself away. If no doubt on the work itself can be confirmed, then the paragraph should identify the reasons for India not such as whether to add money later generations of ignorance disorder India, superfluous the. in the event of typos, Used for sub-shapes, and future generations to avoid the taboo without inscriptions, collection and identification of counterfeit and other printed matter, should also be repeated using the above method looks for, and then consider whether it would be descendants of the occasional mistake or false move with Postscript and so on. In short, the process of detection of forgeries can not let go of any doubt, we can not because of some minor local issues and easily negate the work itself , but should be carefully integrated in all aspects of the verification; Finally, the work itself back to a reasonable judge.
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